Phonology Modern Standard Arabic

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consonants

notes:



the marginal phoneme /ɫ/ occurs in word الله /aɫːaːh/ ( god ) , words derived it.

vowels

modern standard arabic, classical arabic before it, has 3 pairs of long , short vowels: /a/, /i/, , /u/:



note: across north africa , west asia, /i/ may realized [ɪ ~ e ~ ɨ] before or adjacent emphatic consonants , [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ]. /u/ can have different realizations, i.e. [ʊ ~ o ~ ʉ]. distinct phonemes in loan words. 1 value each vowel in both short , long lengths or 2 different values each short , long lengths. in egypt, close vowels have different values; short initial or medial: [e], [o] ← instead of /i, u/. /i~ɪ/ , /u~ʊ/ become /e/ , /o/ respectively in other particular dialects. allophones of /a/ & /aː/ include [ɑ] & [ɑː] before or adjacent emphatic consonants , [q], [r]; , [æ] & [æː] elsewhere. allophones of /iː/ include [ɪː]~[ɨː] before or adjacent emphatic consonants , [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ]. allophones of /uː/ include [ʊː]~[ɤː]~[oː] before or adjacent emphatic consonants , [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ]. unstressed final long /aː, iː, uː/ shortened or reduced: /aː/ → [æ ~ ɑ], /iː/ → /i/, /uː/ → [o~u].








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