History Trieste

1 history

1.1 ancient history
1.2 late antiquity
1.3 middle ages
1.4 modern period
1.5 19th century
1.6 20th century
1.7 world war i, annexation italy , fascist era
1.8 world war ii , aftermath
1.9 zone of free territory of trieste (1947–54)

history

ancient history

remains of roman arch in trieste s old city

since second millennium bc, location inhabited site. illyrian settlement, veneti entered region in 10th-9th c. bc , seem have given town name, tergeste, since terg* venetic word meaning market (q.v. oderzo ancient name opitergium). still later, town later captured carni, tribe of eastern alps, before becoming part of roman republic in 177 bc during istrian war.

between 52 , 46 bc, granted status of roman colony under julius caesar, recorded name tergeste in commentarii de bello gallico (51 bc), work recounts events of gallic wars.

in imperial times border of roman italy moved timavo river formione (today risano). roman tergeste flourished due position on road aquileia, main roman city in area, istria, , port, ruins of still visible. emperor augustus built line of walls around city in 33–32 bc, while trajan built theatre in 2nd century. @ same time, citizens of town enrolled in tribe pupinia. in 27 bc, trieste incorporated in regio x of augustan italia.

in christian era trieste continued flourish. between ad 138 , 161, territory enlarged , nearby carni , catali granted roman citizenship roman senate , emperor antoninus pius @ pleading of leading tergestine citizen, quaestor urbanus, fabius severus.

late antiquity

the city witness battle of frigidus in vipava valley in ad 397, in theodosius defeated eugene. despite deposition of romulus augustulus @ ravenna in 476 , ascension power of odoacer in italy, trieste retained time roman emperor seated @ constantinople, , thus, became byzantine military outpost. in 539, byzantines annexed exarchate of ravenna , despite trieste s being briefly taken lombards in 567 in course of invasion of northern italy, held until time of coming of franks.

middle ages

in 788, trieste submitted charlemagne placed under authority of count-bishop in turn under duke of friùli. 1081 city came loosely under patriarchate of aquileia, developing free commune end of 12th century.

during 13th , 14th centuries, trieste became maritime trade rival republic of venice briefly occupied in 1283–87, before coming under patronage of patriarchate of aquileia. after committing perceived offence against venice, venetian state declared war against trieste in july 1368 , november had occupied city. venice intended keep city , began rebuilding defenses, forced leave in 1372. peace of turin in 1381, venice renounced claim trieste , leading citizens of trieste petitioned leopold iii of habsburg, duke of austria, make trieste part of domains. agreement of voluntary submission (dedizione) signed @ castle of graz on 30 september 1382.

the city maintained high degree of autonomy under habsburgs, increasingly losing ground trade hub, both @ expense of venice , ragusa (dubrovnik). in 1463, number of istrian communities petitioned venice attack trieste. trieste saved utter ruin intervention of pope pius ii had been bishop of trieste. however, venice limited trieste s territory 3 miles (4.8 kilometres) outside city. trieste assaulted again in 1468-1469 holy roman emperor frederick iii. sack of city remembered destruction of trieste. trieste fortunate spared sack in 1470 ottomans burned village of prosecco, 5.3 miles (8.5 kilometres) trieste, while on way attack friuli.

trieste in 17th century, in contemporary image carniolan historian johann weikhard von valvasor


early modern period

following unsuccessful habsburg invasion of venice in prelude 1508–16 war of league of cambrai, venetians occupied trieste again in 1508, , allowed keep city under terms of peace treaty. however, habsburg empire recovered trieste little on 1 year later, when conflict resumed. 18th century trieste became important port , commercial hub austrians. in 1719, granted status free port within habsburg empire emperor charles vi, , remained free port until 1 july 1891. reign of successor, maria theresa of austria, marked beginning of prosperous era city.

19th century

in following decades, trieste briefly occupied troops of french empire during napoleonic wars on several occasions, in 1797, 1805 , 1809. 1809 1813, trieste annexed illyrian provinces, interrupting status of free port , losing autonomy. municipal autonomy not restored after return of city austrian empire in 1813. following napoleonic wars, trieste continued prosper free imperial city of trieste (german: reichsunmittelbare stadt triest), status granted economic freedom, limited political self-government. city s role austria s main trading port , shipbuilding centre later emphasized foundation of merchant shipping line austrian lloyd in 1836, headquarters stood @ corner of piazza grande , sanità (today s piazza unità d italia). 1913 austrian lloyd had fleet of 62 ships comprising total of 236,000 tons. introduction of constitutionalism in austrian empire in 1860, municipal autonomy of city restored, trieste becoming capital of austrian littoral crown land (german: Österreichisches küstenland).

the stock exchange square in 1854



stock market in trieste today

in later part of 19th century, pope leo xiii considered moving residence trieste or salzburg because of considered hostile anti-catholic climate in italy following 1870 capture of rome newly established kingdom of italy. however, austrian monarch, franz josef i, rejected idea. modern austro-hungarian navy used trieste base , shipbuilding. construction of first major trunk railway in empire, vienna-trieste austrian southern railway, completed in 1857, valuable asset trade , supply of coal.

a view of trieste in 1885

in 1882 irredentist activist, guglielmo oberdan, attempted assassinate emperor franz joseph, visiting trieste. oberdan caught, convicted, , executed. regarded martyr radical irredentists, cowardly villain supporters of austro-hungarian monarchy. franz joseph, reigned thirty-five years, never visited trieste again.

20th century

at beginning of 20th century, trieste bustling cosmopolitan city frequented artists , philosophers such james joyce, italo svevo, sigmund freud, zofka kveder, dragotin kette, ivan cankar, scipio slataper, , umberto saba. city major port on austrian riviera, , perhaps real enclave of mitteleuropa (i.e. central europe) south of alps. viennese architecture , coffeehouses dominate streets of trieste day.

world war i, annexation italy , fascist era

italy, in return entering world war on side of allied powers, had been promised substantial territorial gains, included former austrian littoral , western inner carniola. italy therefore annexed city of trieste @ end of war, in accordance provisions of 1915 treaty of london , italian-yugoslav 1920 treaty of rapallo. while few hundred italians remained in newly established south slavic state, population of half million slavs, including annexed slovenes, cut off remaining three-quarters of total slovene population @ time , subjected forced italianization. trieste had large italian majority, had more ethnic slovene inhabitants slovenia s capital of ljubljana @ end of 19th century.

the italian lower middle class—who felt threatened city s slovene middle class—sought make trieste città italianissima, committing series of attacks led black shirts against slovene-owned shops, libraries, , lawyers offices, , trieste national hall, central building slovene community. mid-1930s several thousand slovenes, members of middle class , intelligentsia trieste, emigrated kingdom of yugoslavia or south america. among notable slovene émigrés trieste author vladimir bartol, legal theorist boris furlan , argentine architect viktor sulčič. political leadership of around 70,000 émigrés julian march in yugoslavia composed of trieste slovenes: lavo Čermelj, josip vilfan , ivan marija Čok. in 1926, claiming restoring surnames original italian form, italian government announced italianization of german, slovene , croatian surnames. in province of trieste alone, 3.000 surnames modified , 60.000 people had surnames amended italian-sounding form. psychological trauma, experienced more 150,000 people, led massive emigration of german , slavic families trieste. despite exodus of slovene , german speakers, city s population increased because of migration of italians other parts of italy. several thousand ethnic italians dalmatia moved trieste newly-created yugoslavia.

in late 1920s, resistance began slovene militant anti-fascist organization tigr, carried out several bomb attacks in city centre. in 1930 , 1941, 2 trials of slovene activists held in trieste fascist special tribunal security of state. during 1920s , 1930s, several monumental buildings built in fascist architectural style, including impressive university of trieste , 70 m (229.66 ft) tall victory lighthouse (faro della vittoria), became city landmark. economy improved in late 1930s, , several large infrastructure projects carried out.

the fascist government encouraged of artistic , intellectual subcultures emerged in 1920s, , city became home important avant-garde movement in visual arts, centered around futurist tullio crali , constructivist avgust Černigoj. in same period, trieste consolidated role 1 of centres of modern italian literature, authors such umberto saba, biagio marin, giani stuparich, , salvatore satta. intellectuals frequented historic caffè san marco, still open today. non-italian intellectuals remained in city, such austrian author julius kugy, slovene writer , poet stanko vuk, lawyer , human rights activist josip ferfolja , anti-fascist clergyman jakob ukmar.

the promulgation of anti-jewish racial laws in 1938 severe blow city s jewish community, @ time third largest in italy. fascist anti-semitic campaign resulted in series of attacks on jewish property , individuals, culminating in july 1942 when synagogue of trieste raided , devastated fascist squads , mob.

world war ii , aftermath

yugoslav army entering trieste (the caption reads tito s army liberated trieste )

with annexation of province of ljubljana italy , subsequent deportation of 25,000 slovenes, equaled 7.5% of total population of province, operation, 1 of drastic in europe, filled rab concentration camp, gonars concentration camp, monigo (treviso), renicci d anghiari, chiesanuova, , other italian concentration camps altogether 9,000 slovenes died, world war ii came close trieste. following trisection of slovenia, starting winter of 1941, first slovene partisans appeared in trieste province, although resistance movement did not become active in city until late 1943.

after italian armistice in september 1943, city occupied wehrmacht troops. trieste became nominally part of newly constituted italian social republic, de facto ruled germany, created operation zone of adriatic littoral out of former italian north-eastern regions, trieste administrative centre. new administrative entity headed friedrich rainer. under german occupation, concentration camp crematorium on italian soil built in suburb of trieste, @ risiera di san sabba on 4 april 1944. 5,000 south slavs, italian anti-fascists , jews died @ risiera, while thousands more imprisoned before being transferred other concentration camps.

the city saw intense italian , yugoslav partisan activity , suffered allied bombings. city s jewish community deported extermination camps, of them died.

on 30 april 1945, slovenian , italian anti-fascist of osvobodilna fronta , national liberation committee (comitato di liberazione nazionale, or cln) of marzari , savio fonda, made of approximately 3,500 volunteers, incited riot against nazi occupiers. on 1 may allied members of yugoslav partisans 8th dalmatian corps took on of city, except courts , castle of san giusto, german garrisons refused surrender other new zealanders. (the yugoslavs had reputation shooting german , italian prisoners.) 2nd new zealand division under general freyberg continued advance towards trieste along route 14 around northern coast of adriatic sea , arrived in city following day (see official histories italian campaign , through venetian line). german forces surrendered on evening of may 2, turned on yugoslav forces.

the yugoslavs held full control of city until 12 june, period known in italian historiography forty days of trieste .

during period, hundreds of local italians , anti-communist slovenes arrested yugoslav authorities, , many of them never seen again. these included not former fascist , german collaborators, italian nationalists , other real or potential opponents of yugoslav communism. interned in yugoslav concentration camps (in particular @ borovnica, slovenia), while others murdered , thrown potholes ( foibe ) on karst plateau.

after agreement between yugoslav leader josip broz tito , british field marshal harold alexander, yugoslav forces withdrew trieste, came under joint british-u.s. military administration. julian march divided between anglo-american , yugoslav military administration until september 1947 when paris peace treaty established free territory of trieste.

zone of free territory of trieste (1947–54)

in 1947, trieste declared independent city state under protection of united nations free territory of trieste. territory divided 2 zones, , b, along morgan line established in 1945.

from 1947 1954, zone governed allied military government, composed of american trieste united states troops (trust), commanded major general bryant e. moore, commanding general of american 88th infantry division, , british element trieste forces (betfor), commanded sir terence airey, joint forces commander , military governors.

zone covered same area of current italian province of trieste, except 4 small villages south of muggia (see below), given yugoslavia after dissolution (see london memorandum of 1954) of free territory in 1954. zone b, under administration of miloš stamatović, colonel of yugoslav people s army, composed of north-westernmost portion of istrian peninsula, between river mirna , debeli rtič cape.

in 1954, in accordance memorandum of london, vast majority of zone - including city of trieste - joined italy, while zone b , 4 villages zone (plavje, spodnje Škofije, hrvatini, , jelarji) became part of yugoslavia, being divided between slovenia , croatia. final border line yugoslavia , status of ethnic minorities in areas settled bilaterally in 1975 treaty of osimo. line constitutes border between italy , slovenia.

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