World War I, annexation to Italy and the Fascist era Trieste

italy, in return entering world war on side of allied powers, had been promised substantial territorial gains, included former austrian littoral , western inner carniola. italy therefore annexed city of trieste @ end of war, in accordance provisions of 1915 treaty of london , italian-yugoslav 1920 treaty of rapallo. while few hundred italians remained in newly established south slavic state, population of half million slavs, including annexed slovenes, cut off remaining three-quarters of total slovene population @ time , subjected forced italianization. trieste had large italian majority, had more ethnic slovene inhabitants slovenia s capital of ljubljana @ end of 19th century.

the italian lower middle class—who felt threatened city s slovene middle class—sought make trieste città italianissima, committing series of attacks led black shirts against slovene-owned shops, libraries, , lawyers offices, , trieste national hall, central building slovene community. mid-1930s several thousand slovenes, members of middle class , intelligentsia trieste, emigrated kingdom of yugoslavia or south america. among notable slovene émigrés trieste author vladimir bartol, legal theorist boris furlan , argentine architect viktor sulčič. political leadership of around 70,000 émigrés julian march in yugoslavia composed of trieste slovenes: lavo Čermelj, josip vilfan , ivan marija Čok. in 1926, claiming restoring surnames original italian form, italian government announced italianization of german, slovene , croatian surnames. in province of trieste alone, 3.000 surnames modified , 60.000 people had surnames amended italian-sounding form. psychological trauma, experienced more 150,000 people, led massive emigration of german , slavic families trieste. despite exodus of slovene , german speakers, city s population increased because of migration of italians other parts of italy. several thousand ethnic italians dalmatia moved trieste newly-created yugoslavia.

in late 1920s, resistance began slovene militant anti-fascist organization tigr, carried out several bomb attacks in city centre. in 1930 , 1941, 2 trials of slovene activists held in trieste fascist special tribunal security of state. during 1920s , 1930s, several monumental buildings built in fascist architectural style, including impressive university of trieste , 70 m (229.66 ft) tall victory lighthouse (faro della vittoria), became city landmark. economy improved in late 1930s, , several large infrastructure projects carried out.

the fascist government encouraged of artistic , intellectual subcultures emerged in 1920s, , city became home important avant-garde movement in visual arts, centered around futurist tullio crali , constructivist avgust Černigoj. in same period, trieste consolidated role 1 of centres of modern italian literature, authors such umberto saba, biagio marin, giani stuparich, , salvatore satta. intellectuals frequented historic caffè san marco, still open today. non-italian intellectuals remained in city, such austrian author julius kugy, slovene writer , poet stanko vuk, lawyer , human rights activist josip ferfolja , anti-fascist clergyman jakob ukmar.

the promulgation of anti-jewish racial laws in 1938 severe blow city s jewish community, @ time third largest in italy. fascist anti-semitic campaign resulted in series of attacks on jewish property , individuals, culminating in july 1942 when synagogue of trieste raided , devastated fascist squads , mob.

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