Development Athenian democracy



cleisthenes


not long afterwards, nascent democracy overthrown tyrant peisistratos, reinstated after expulsion of son, hippias, in 510. sort of aristocratic takeover ended appeal 1 contender, cleisthenes, support of populace. reforms of cleisthenes in 508/7 undermined domination of aristocratic families , connected every athenian city s rule. cleisthenes fixed boundaries of polis political rather geographical entity – boundaries solon had left permeable – formally identifying free inhabitants of attica @ time athenian citizens. did making traditional tribes politically irrelevant , instituting ten new tribes, each made of 3 trytties, each consisting of several demes. every male citizen on reaching age of 18 registered in deme. registration confirmed citizenship.


a third set of reforms instigated ephialtes in 462/1. while opponents away attempting assist spartans, ephialtes persuaded assembly reduce powers of areopagus: in effect stripping of controlling , supervisory powers , leaving court cases of homicide , offences of sacrilege. @ same time or afterwards, membership of areopagus extended lower level of propertied citizenship.


in wake of athens disastrous defeat in sicilian campaign in 413 bce, group of citizens took steps limit radical democracy thought leading city ruin. efforts, conducted through constitutional channels, culminated in establishment of oligarchy, council of 400, in athenian coup of 411 bce. oligarchy endured 4 months before replaced more democratic government. democratic regimes governed until athens surrendered sparta in 404 bce, when government placed in hands of so-called thirty tyrants, pro-spartan oligarchs. after year pro-democracy elements regained control, , democratic forms persisted until macedonian army of phillip ii conquered athens in 338 bc.








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