Reduction and disposal Food waste

1 reduction , disposal

1.1 consumer marketing , education
1.2 landfills , greenhouse gases
1.3 municipal collection
1.4 animal feed
1.5 composting
1.6 anaerobic digestion
1.7 commercial liquid food waste
1.8 agricultural food waste

reduction , disposal

limiting food wastage has seen adoption of former world war , world war ii slogans antiwaste groups such wrap.

response problem of food waste @ social levels has varied hugely, including campaigns advisory , environmental groups, , concentrated media attention on subject.

as alternatives landfill, food waste can composted produce soil , fertilizer, fed animals, or used produce energy or fuel.

consumer marketing , education

one way of dealing food waste reduce creation. consumers can reduce spoilage planning food shopping, avoiding potentially wasteful spontaneous purchases, , storing foods properly. widespread educational campaigns have been shown effective way reduce food waste.  a british campaign called “love food hate waste” has raised awareness preventative measures address food waste consumers. through advertisements, information on food storage , preparation , in-store education, uk observed 21% decrease in avoidable household food waste on course of 5 years. potential solution smart packaging indicate when food spoiled more precisely expiration dates do, example temperature-sensitive ink, plastic changes color when exposed oxygen, or gels change color time.

another way prevent food becoming food waste begin through creating of markets produce has been deemed unfit retail industry. several campaigns , start ups have sprouted around world , demonstrated success of distributing ugly produce either through non-profits , food banks, or creating market imperfect foods.  these campaigns , companies center around education of public restaurants , grocery stores inform people ugly produce still tastes great , has nutritional value. example of such company imperfect produce, california-based company sells less ideal looking produce @ discounted rates. company alone has saved 7.6 million pounds of food, 379 million gallons of water, , 26 million pounds of carbon dioxide. similar concept has developed in france, company named intermarché publicizes promotional videos encourage people buy ugly foods. these companies use widespread advertising promote sale of these fruits , vegetables , inform customers in participating minimizing food waste. 

an initiative in curitiba, brazil called cambio verde allows farmers provide surplus produce (produce otherwise discard due low prices) people bring glass , metal recycling facilities (to encourage further waste reduction). in europe, food surplus entrepreneurs network (fse network), coordinates network of social businesses , nonprofit initiatives goal spread best practices increase use of surplus food , reduction of food waste.

landfills , greenhouse gases

dumping food waste in landfill causes odour decomposes, attracts flies , vermin, , has potential add biological oxygen demand (bod) leachate. european union landfill directive , waste regulations, regulations in other countries, enjoin diverting organic wastes away landfill disposal these reasons. starting in 2015, organic waste new york city restaurants banned landfills.

in countries such united states , united kingdom, food scraps constitute around 19% of waste dumped in landfills, ends rotting , producing methane, greenhouse gas.

in study done on italy in 2014, estimated food waste farm fork emits 4 million tons of co2. country produces 186,000 tons of oil equivalent annually.

methane, or ch4, second prevalent greenhouse gas released air, produced landfills in u.s. although methane spends less time in atmosphere (12 years) co2, s more efficient @ trapping radiation. 25 times greater impact climate change co2 in 100-year period. humans accounts on 60% of methane emissions globally.

municipal collection

in areas waste collection public function, food waste managed same governmental organization other waste collection. food waste combined general waste @ source. separate collections, known source-separated organics, have advantage food wastes can disposed of in ways not applicable other wastes. in united states, companies find higher , better uses large commercial generators of food , beverage waste.

from end of 19th century through middle of 20th century, many municipalities collected food waste (called garbage opposed trash ) separately. typically disinfected steaming , fed pigs, either on private farms or in municipal piggeries.

separate curbside collection of food waste being revived in areas. keep collection costs down , raise rate of food waste segregation, local authorities, in europe, have introduced alternate weekly collections of biodegradable waste (including, e.g., garden waste), enable wider range of recyclable materials collected @ reasonable cost, , improve collection rates. however, result in two-week wait before waste collected. criticism particularly during hot weather, food waste rots , stinks, , attracts vermin. waste container design therefore essential making such operations feasible. curbside collection of food waste done in u.s., ways combining food scraps , yard waste together. several states in u.s. have introduced yard waste ban, not accepting leaves, brush, trimmings, etc. in landfills. collection of food scraps , yard waste combined recycled , composted reuse.

animal feed

large quantities of fish, meat, dairy , grain discarded @ global scale annually, when can used things other human consumption. feeding of food scraps domesticated animals is, historically, common way of dealing household food waste. animals turn 2 thirds of ingested food gas or fecal waste, while last third digested , repurposed meat or dairy products. there different ways of growing produce , feeding livestock reduce waste.

one of common animals fed household scraps swine, in case food scraps called slop. study done in 2009 suggests approximately 20 times more co2 can saved feeding food waste pigs, instead of allowing go through anaerobic digestion. european laws restrict amount , type of scraps can fed pigs. however, in countries such japan, south korea , taiwan, encouraged , furthermore mandatory feed food waste pigs.

the amount of bread , other cereal products discarded in uk households, has been indicated enough lift 30 million of world s hungry people out of malnourishment. these grains, wasted different reasons (including, e.g., on production) have otherwise been used feed chickens. chickens have traditionally been given mixtures of waste grains , milling by-products in mixture called chicken scratch. well, giving table scraps backyard chickens large part of movement s claim sustainability, though not backyard chicken growers recommend it.

certain food waste (such flesh) can used feed in maggot farming. maggots can fed other animals.

composting

inevitable waste: peels of potato, onion, lemon, tangerine, banana, kiwi, egg

food waste can biodegraded composting, , reused fertilize soil. composting aerobic process completed microorganisms in bacteria break down food waste simpler organic materials can used in soil. redistributing nutrients , high microbial populations, compost reduces water runoff , soil erosion enhancing rainfall penetration, has been shown reduce loss of sediment, nutrients, , pesticide losses streams 75–95%.

traditional composting uses microbes perform decomposition, process efficient using low, mid, , high temperature microbes (psychrophilic, mesophilic, , thermophilic – respectively). high temperatures required thermophilic microorganisms hot enough kill pathogens, making product of traditional composting satisfactory use in soil according united states environmental protection agency s (epa) standards. traditional decomposition process requires long length of time , additional energy expended turn material , maintain aerobic process. composting thermophilic microbes can lead nutrient loss , compost product heterogeneous, potential higher levels of contaminants can harmful if used in agriculture. alternate method of composting vermicomposting.

vermicomposting practise of feeding scraps worms produce fertilized soil byproduct. process of composting using earth worms completed in short duration of time , requires no additional energy turn , maintain aerobic processes, these actions performed worms. in order keep worms alive, environment has kept below 35° celsius, therein making compost ineligible use in agriculture according epa standards. product of vermicomposting homogenous , contains lower levels of contaminants traditional composting. integrate vermicomposting , traditional composting in effort maximize efficiency while producing high quality organic product can used in agriculture.

composting food waste leads decrease in quantity of greenhouse gases released atmosphere. in landfills, organic food waste decomposes anaerobically, producing methane gas emitted atmosphere. when biodegradable waste composted, decomposes aerobically , not produce methane, instead producing organic compost can utilized in agriculture.

municipal food waste (mfw) can composted create product of organic fertilizer, , many municipalities choose citing environmental protection , economic efficiency reasoning. transporting , dumping waste in landfills requires both money , room in landfills have limited available space. 1 municipality chose regulate mfw san francisco, requires citizens separate compost trash on own, instituting fines non-compliance @ $100 individual homes , $500 businesses. city s economic reasoning controversial mandate supported estimate 1 business can save $30000 annually on garbage disposal costs implementation of required composting.

food waste can composted @ home, avoiding central collection entirely, , many local authorities have schemes provide subsidised composting bin systems. however, proportion of population willing dispose of food waste in way may limited.

anaerobic digestion

anaerobic digestion produces both useful gaseous products , solid fibrous compostable material. anaerobic digestion plants can provide energy waste burning methane created food , other organic wastes generate electricity, defraying plants costs , reducing greenhouse gas emissions.the united states environmental protection agency states use of anaerobic composting allows large amounts of food waste avoid landfills. instead of producing these greenhouse gasses environment being in landfill, gasses can alternatively harnessed in these facilities reuse.

since process of composting produces high volumes of biogas, there potential safety issues such explosion , poisoning. these interactions require proper maintenance and personal protective equipment is utilized. u.s. states, such oregon, have implemented requirement permits on such facilities, based on potential danger population , surrounding environment.

food waste coming through sanitary sewers garbage disposal units treated along other sewage , contributes sludge.

commercial liquid food waste

commercially, food waste in form of wastewater coming commercial kitchens’ sinks, dishwashers , floor drains collected in holding tanks called grease interceptors minimize flow sewer system. foul-smelling waste contains both organic , inorganic waste (chemical cleaners, etc.) , may contain hazardous hydrogen sulfide gases. referred fats, oils, , grease (fog) waste or more commonly brown grease (versus yellow grease , fryer oil collected , processed biodiesel) , overwhelming problem, in usa, aging sewer systems. per epa, sanitary sewer overflows occur due improper discharge of fogs collection system. overflows discharge 3 billion gallons (11,000,000 m) – 10 billion gallons (38,000,000 m) of untreated wastewater annually local waterways, , 3,700 illnesses annually due exposure contamination sanitary sewer overflows recreational waters.

in metropolitan areas, brown grease taken pumpers or grease-hauling trucks wastewater treatment plants, charged dump it. in other areas, may taken landfill or may illegally dumped somewhere unknown, avoid charges. unmonitored disposal process not harmful our environment , our health, hurts businesses have no idea business waste ends up, or indeed how liquid waste in grease interceptors @ point in time, leaving them vulnerable illegal dumping own grease traps or interceptors. companies market computerized monitoring services along in situ bioremediation, produces byproducts of co2 , gray water can safely flow sewer systems. other new technologies offer ex situ treatment process brown grease form of transportation fuel. may not environmentally friendly in situ treatment, since still requires vehicles pump , transport brown grease waste plants.

estimating how brown grease food waste produced annually difficult, in alone, number thought in billions of gallons. in 2009, city of san francisco stated produces 10 million gallons (8,300,000 imp gal; 38,000 m) of brown grease year. starting first citywide project in recycle brown grease biodiesel , other fuels.

agricultural food waste

nearly global produce, eaten or disposed of grown using irrigated water. irrigated water represents largest sector of water withdraws worldwide, as 90% of total water withdraws being allocated towards agricultural usage. food goes uneaten can account vast quantities of water waste, food waste being largest area average citizen contributes water waste. put perspective, global water consumption lost through food waste enough domestic needs (at 200 litres per person per day) of 9 billion people.