Formation Aru Kingdom

-


an imposing traditional karo house. people of aru kingdom believed ethnically related or belongs in same stock karo people of tanah karo


the population of aru kingdom believed descendants or related karo tribe inhabit tanah karo further inland. suggestion based on plausible etymology of similar sounding names, between aru or haru karo .


the benteng putri hijau archaeological site, ancient fortress near medan, shows several layers of cultures estimated dated between 12th 18th century. fort quite similar karo , wider batak tribes tradition of constructing huta or kuta, walled compound completed parik (moat) defensive structure protect village against incessant tribal warfare. artifacts among others stone tools, chinese ceramics, tin bullets , aceh coins. fragment of lingam discovered @ nearby site of sukanalu, suggested population of aru adhere both native animism , hinduism prior of islamisation started enter region circa 13th century.


the haru kingdom mentioned in chinese chronicle of yuan dynasty. according source, in 1282 kublai khan demanded haru submit china s suzerainty, responded graciously sending tribute yuan s court in 1295. marco polo however, did not mention aru in report 1 of 8 kingdoms of sumatra during journey in 1292.


the haru kingdom has mentioned in 2 javanese sources originated circa 14th century. according pararaton, haru kingdom mentioned among polities gajah mada intended unite under majapahit suzerainty in palapa oath. in 1339 javanese majapahit naval expedition attacked several coastal states in sumatra; although failed capture samudera pasai, javanese expedition manage gain control of haru , pane (pannai). nagarakretagama (1365) canto 13 mentioned aru 1 of majapahit vassal states in sumatra.


according hikayat raja-raja pasai , malay annals, aru kingdom islamized nakhoda ismail , fakir muhammad, converted merah silu, first king of samudera pasai in mid-13th century. according yingyai shenglan (1416), chinese ming dynasty report composed ma huan zheng expedition, king of haru , subjects has embraced islam. after 13th century, islam began gain followers among population of aru. however, native animism or paganism still pervasive, among population of interior region, , few hindus still survives.








Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Memorial Series Board Lutfuddaulah Oriental Research Institute

-
1 memorial series board 1.1 president 1.2 members 1.3 secretary , treasurer memorial series board president chief justice, nawab jiwan yar jung bahadur, b.a., (cantab.) bar-at-law. members justice, nawab alam yar jung bahadur, m. a., ll.b,. bar-at-law (oxon.). justice, nawab asghar yar jung bahadur, b.a., (oxon.) bar-at-law. rai wittinal rai, member, executive committee,. paigah of nawab lutf ud-dawlah bahadur. sayyid ahmedullah qadri. secretary , treasurer sayyid sa ad-ullah qadri. ^ full text of life being autobiography of nawab server-ul-mulk bahadur . archive.org. 1929-02-24. retrieved 2015-10-08.  ^ full text of calendar 1348 1351 fasli . archive.org. retrieved 2015-10-08.  ^ cite error: named reference archive1 invoked never defined (see page).
Read more

Weak verbs Proto-Germanic grammar

-
1 weak verbs 1.1 suffixless weak verbs 1.2 class 1 1.3 class 2 1.4 class 3 1.5 class 4 weak verbs weak verbs used suffix containing dental consonant mark past tense. suffix held reflex of reduplicated past imperfect of pie *dheh1- put , in germanic . derived verbs, being formed nouns, verbs or adjectives (so-called denominal, deverbal , deadjectival verbs). few underived verbs strong j-present verbs acquired weak past tenses in proto-germanic. weak verbs divided 5 main classes, of 4 survived distinct history of daughter languages. 1 class formed few relic verbs have no present-tense suffix, verbs in other classes had present-tense suffix, varied class class. past tense endings identical, , resembled of strong verbs, prefixed dental infix. follows: the initial consonant of suffix -d-, class 1 j-present verbs, suffixless weak verbs , preterite-present verbs had -t- if ending consonant of stem obstruent, in case obstruent assimilated dental. suffixless weak verbs already small relic cla...
Read more

History Anthrax

-
1 history 1.1 etymology 1.2 discovery 1.3 first vaccination history etymology the english name comes anthrax (ἄνθραξ), greek word coal, possibly having egyptian etymology, because of characteristic black skin lesions developed victims cutaneous anthrax infection. central, black eschar, surrounded vivid red skin has long been recognised typical of disease. first recorded use of word anthrax in english in 1398 translation of bartholomaeus anglicus work de proprietatibus rerum (on properties of things, 1240). anthrax has been known wide variety of names, indicating symptoms, location , groups considered vulnerable infection. these include siberian plague, cumberland disease, charbon, splenic fever, malignant edema, woolsorter s disease, , la maladie de bradford. discovery robert koch, german physician , scientist, first identified bacterium caused anthrax disease in 1875 in wolsztyn (now part of poland). pioneering work in late 19th century 1 of first demonstrations diseases caused mic...
Read more