History County Durham




1 history

1.1 county palatine of durham
1.2 administration
1.3 modern local government
1.4 modern national government





history
county palatine of durham

the territory became known county durham, liberty under control of bishops of durham, had various names: liberty of durham , liberty of st cuthbert s land lands of st. cuthbert between tyne , tees or liberty of haliwerfolc .


the bishops special jurisdiction rested on claims king ecgfrith of northumbria had granted substantial territory st cuthbert on election see of lindisfarne in 684. in 883 cathedral housing saint s remains established @ chester-le-street , guthfrith, king of york granted community of st cuthbert area between tyne , wear. in 995 see moved again, durham.



durham palatinate plaque.


following norman invasion, administrative machinery of government extended northern england. northumberland s first recorded sheriff gilebert 1076 until 1080 , 12th-century record records durham regarded within shire. bishops disputed authority of sheriff of northumberland , officials, despite second sheriff example being reputed slayer of malcolm canmore, king of scots. crown regarded durham falling within northumberland until late thirteenth century. matters came head in 1293 when bishop , steward failed attend proceedings of quo warranto held justices of northumberland. bishop s case went before parliament, stated durham lay outside bounds of english shire , time immemorial had been known sheriff of northumberland not sheriff of durham nor entered within liberty sheriff. . . nor made there proclamations or attachments . arguments appear have prevailed, fourteenth century durham accepted liberty received royal mandates direct. in effect private shire, bishop appointing own sheriff. area became known county palatine of durham .


sadberge liberty, referred county, within northumberland. in 1189 purchased see continued separate sheriff, coroner , court of pleas. in 14th century sadberge included in stockton ward , divided 2 wards. division 4 wards of chester-le-street, darlington, easington , stockton existed in 13th century, each ward having own coroner , three-weekly court corresponding hundred court. diocese divided archdeaconries of durham , northumberland. former mentioned in 1072, , in 1291 included deaneries of chester-le-street, auckland, lanchester , darlington.


the term palatinus applied bishop in 1293, , 13th century onwards bishops claimed same rights in lands king enjoyed in kingdom.


early administration

the historic boundaries of county shown in john speed s map of county in theatre of empire of great britaine, c. 1611. these boundaries remained in use administrative purposes until local government reforms starting in 1960s. depiction of city of durham inset in top right.


the historic boundaries of county durham included main body covering catchment of pennines in west, river tees in south, north sea in east , rivers tyne , derwent in north. county palatinate had number of liberties: bedlingtonshire, islandshire , norhamshire exclaves within northumberland, , craikshire exclave within north riding of yorkshire. in 1831 county covered area of 679,530 acres (2,750.0 km) , had population of 253,910. these exclaves included part of county parliamentary electoral purposes until 1832, , judicial , local-government purposes until coming force of counties (detached parts) act 1844, merged remaining exclaves surrounding county. boundaries of county proper remained in use administrative , ceremonial purposes until 1972 local government act.


until 15th century important administrative officer in palatinate steward. other officers included sheriff, coroners, chamberlain , chancellor. palatine exchequer originated in 12th century. palatine assembly represented whole county, , dealt chiefly fiscal questions. bishop s council, consisting of clergy, sheriff , barons, regulated judicial affairs, , later produced chancery , courts of admiralty , marshalsea.


a norman army captured durham city in 1069. rebellion took place against new norman earl, robert de comines, killed (january 1069). however, county durham largely missed harrying of north (1069–1070) normans designed subjugate such rebellions. best remains of norman period include durham cathedral , castle, , few parish churches, such @ pittington , norton in stockton. english period has left eastern portion of cathedral, churches of darlington, hartlepool, , st andrew, auckland, sedgefield, , portions of few other churches.


the prior of durham ranked first among bishop s barons. had own court, , exclusive jurisdiction on men. there ten palatinate barons in 12th century, importantly hyltons of hylton castle, bulmers of brancepeth, conyers of sockburne, hansards of evenwood, , lumleys of lumley castle. nevilles owned large estates in county. john neville, 3rd baron neville de raby rebuilt raby castle, principal seat, in 1377.


edward s quo warranto proceedings of 1293 showed twelve lords enjoying more or less extensive franchises under bishop. repeated efforts of crown check powers of palatinate bishops culminated in 1536 in act of resumption, deprived bishop of power pardon offences against law or appoint judicial officers. moreover, indictments , legal processes in future run in name of king, , offences described against peace of king, rather of bishop. in 1596 restrictions imposed on powers of chancery, , in 1646 palatinate formally abolished. revived, however, after restoration, , continued same power until 5 july 1836, when durham (county palatine) act 1836 provided palatine jurisdiction should in future vested in crown.


during 15th-century wars of roses, henry vi passed through durham. on outbreak of great rebellion in 1642 durham inclined support cause of parliament, , in 1640 high sheriff of palatinate guaranteed supply scottish army provisions during stay in county. in 1642 earl of newcastle formed western counties association king s service, in 1644 palatinate again overrun scottish army, , after battle of marston moor (2 july 1644) fell entirely hands of parliament.


in 1614 bill introduced in parliament securing representation county , city of durham , borough of barnard castle. bishop opposed proposal infringement of palatinate rights, , county first summoned return members parliament in 1654. after restoration of 1660 county , city returned 2 members each. in wake of reform act of 1832 county returned 2 members 2 divisions, , boroughs of gateshead, south shields , sunderland acquired representation. boroughs of darlington, stockton , hartlepool returned 1 member each 1868 until redistribution act of 1885.


modern local government


high force waterfall on river tees


the municipal boroughs of durham, stockton on tees , sunderland reformed municipal corporations act 1835. in 1875 jarrow incorporated municipal borough, west hartlepool in 1887. @ county level, local government act 1888 reorganised local government throughout england , wales. of county came under control of newly formed durham county council in area known administrative county. not included county boroughs of gateshead, south shields , sunderland. however, purposes other local government administrative county of durham , county boroughs continued form single county lord lieutenant of durham appointed.


over existence, administrative county lost territory, both existing county boroughs, , because 2 municipal boroughs became county boroughs, west hartlepool in 1902 , darlington in 1915. county boundary north riding of yorkshire adjusted in 1967: part of town of barnard castle historically in yorkshire added county durham, while portion of borough of stockton-on-tees in durham ceded north riding. in 1968, following recommendation of local government commission, billingham transferred county borough of teesside, in north riding. in 1971 population of county including associated county boroughs (an area of 2,570 km (990 sq mi) 1,409,633 , population outside county boroughs 814,396.


in 1974, administrative county , county boroughs abolished local government act 1972 , county durham reconstituted non-metropolitan county. reconstituted county durham lost territory north east (around gateshead, south shields , sunderland) tyne , wear , south east (around hartlepool) cleveland. @ same time gained former area of startforth rural district north riding of yorkshire. area of lord lieutenant of durham adjusted act coincide non-metropolitan county (which occupied 3,019 km (1,166 sq mi) in 1981).


in 1996, part of 1990s uk local government reform, cleveland abolished , districts reconstituted unitary authorities. hartlepool , stockton-on-tees (north of river tees) returned durham purposes of lord lieutenancy. change in area lord lieutenancy purposes reflect abolition of cleveland confirmed lieutenancies act 1997. cleveland adopted postal county in 1974 , time of abolition, royal mail had abandoned use of postal county altogether; since 1996 use of county address line permitted not mandatory , can writer wishes.


in 1997, darlington became unitary authority , separated shire county.


as part of 2009 structural changes local government in england initiated department communities , local government, 7 district councils within county council area abolished. county council assumed functions , became unitary authority. changes came effect on 1 april 2009.


modern national government

see list of parliamentary constituencies in county durham








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