Secondary education Roman Empire
mosaic pompeii depicting academy of plato at age of 14, upperclass males made rite of passage adulthood, , began learn leadership roles in political, religious, , military life through mentoring senior member of family or family friend. higher education provided grammatici or rhetores. grammaticus or grammarian taught greek , latin literature, history, geography, philosophy or mathematics treated explications of text. rise of augustus, contemporary latin authors such vergil , livy became part of curriculum. rhetor teacher of oratory or public speaking. art of speaking (ars dicendi) highly prized marker of social , intellectual superiority, , eloquentia ( speaking ability, eloquence ) considered glue of civilized society. rhetoric not body of knowledge (though required command of references literary canon) mode of expression , decorum distinguished held social power. ancient model of rhetorical training— restraint, coolness under pressure, modesty, , humour —endured 18th century wes...